It is mostly covered by sea ice throughout the year and almost completely in winter. The Arctic Ocean is surrounded by Eurasia and North America, and the borders follow topographic features: the Bering Strait on the Pacific side and the Greenland Scotland Ridge on the Atlantic side. The Arctic Ocean includes the North Pole region in the middle of the Northern Hemisphere and extends south to about 60°N. It is also seen as the northernmost part of the all-encompassing World Ocean. It has also been described as an estuary of the Atlantic Ocean.
The International Hydrographic Organization (IHO) recognizes it as an ocean, although some oceanographers call it the Arctic Mediterranean Sea.
It spans an area of approximately 14,060,000 km 2 (5,430,000 sq mi) and is known as one of the coldest of oceans. The Arctic Ocean is the smallest and shallowest of the world's five major oceans.
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